这件“采掘神器”是什么?
这里所说的“采掘神器”,指的是掘支运一体化快速掘进系统。根据不同地质条件配套,整个系统最长可达200多米,重量高达230多吨。
中国煤炭科工集团首席科学家、快速掘进系统总设计师王虹称之为“煤海蛟龙”。该系统由掘锚一体机、锚杆转载机、柔性连续运输系统和协同控制平台等部分组成。
其中,可伸缩的巨大的滚筒是它的利齿,负责挖掘;前方的旋转刀盘好似“巨龙”的舌头,把割下来的煤块源源不断地拨到嘴里,而龙的脊椎和顶部、侧面的龙爪负责支护,龙的身体则负责运输。
就这样,整个系统完成了从采掘到支护再到运输的一整套工作。
快速掘进系统。中国煤科供图为何能称为“煤海蛟龙”?
和今天的先进技术相比,传统掘进技术工序繁多,技术水平低,造成采掘比例严重失衡,每月平均进尺仅约180米,再加上工作面水、瓦斯、顶板、粉尘等严重威胁人员与装备的安全。
一直以来,国内外未形成掘进、支护、运输平行作业的掘进作业线,掘进更是成为煤炭安全绿色高效开采的短板。掘进、支护、运输不能平行作业,堪称“世界级难题”。
王虹直言,针对这样的问题,2012年,中国煤科便提出了“快速掘进”的构想。
2013年,第一代掘支运一体化快速掘进系统1.0同时也是世界首套快速掘进系统在神东煤炭集团投入工业性试验。2018年,第二代掘支运一体化快速掘进系统2.0,实现系统设备系列化和模块化,系统适用范围拓展到中等稳定围岩及较复杂地质条件。2020年,第三代智能掘支运一体化快速掘进系统3.0应用而生,可靠性、安全性和智能化进一步得到提升。
研发过程中,科研人员提出了“掘支运三位一体”掘进方法,将原本各自分离的掘进、支护、运输工作结合一体,成功开发了掘支运一体化快速掘进成套技术、工艺和装备,取得了完全拥有自主知识产权的多维度协同支护、大功率全宽截割、柔性连续运输等核心技术突破,首创“掘支运一体化快速掘进关键技术与装备”,实现了煤矿掘进由半机械化向完全机械化和自动化的重大技术变革。
这一技术与原有掘进方法相比,掘进速度提高2-3倍,作业人员减少2/3,有效缓解了采掘失衡。
掘锚一体机。中国煤科供图煤矿掘进“掘”出世界纪录
回顾历史,最早的煤炭开采工作,全部要靠人力去挖掘,靠的是肩扛、手抬;慢慢地开始采用风钻和炸药;到了现代,才实现机械辅助。陕煤集团黄陵二号煤矿总经理易瑞强坦言,虽然开采手段有所变化,但掘进效率和安全问题一直困扰着煤矿工人。
巷道掘进作为煤炭开采的先行基础工程,约占煤矿井下采掘工程量的70%-80%。而我国每年新掘巷道13000公里,位居世界第一,工程量巨大。
面对这样的工程量,掘支运一体化快速掘进系统的应用,不仅显著提高了煤巷掘进效率、降低了作业人数,还改善了掘进工作面环境,实现了高效捕尘、除尘,保障作业人员的职业健康。
同时,这项技术突破更“掘”出了世界纪录。2014年,在稳定围岩条件下,月最高进尺3088米,创造了大断面单巷掘进世界纪录,是煤矿平均掘进速度的10倍以上;2022年5月,在中等稳定围岩条件下,月最高进尺2086米,掘进效率提高3倍;2022年3月,在复杂围岩条件下,月最高进尺856米,掘进效率提高1.5倍。
以“中国创造”打造“中国速度”
王虹告诉记者,掘支运一体化快速掘进系统的应用,开启了煤巷掘进的全新模式,实现了我国巷道掘进技术与装备从“跟跑”到“并跑”再到目前“领跑”的转变。
2021年,掘支运一体化快速掘进系统入选“科创中国”先导技术榜,极大地促进了创新链和产业链的深度融合,以科技创新助力绿色矿山,以“中国创造”打造“中国速度”。
如今,掘支运一体化快速掘进系统已遍布在晋陕蒙等各大型煤企集团,并在不同地质条件下广泛推广应用。
作为我国能源安全的“压舱石”,煤炭当前仍是我国最主要的能源。先进的煤炭采掘技术,有效保障了我国煤炭资源稳定供应。今年以来,在全球能源供应偏紧背景下,我国持续做好煤炭增产保供工作,将能源的饭碗牢牢端在自己手中。
记者了解到,中国煤科太原研究院正在进行第四代智能掘支运一体化快速掘进系统4.0中的核心技术攻关,将全面提升快速掘进系统工艺与智能化技术水平,不断加速智慧矿山建设向“少人化、无人化”的目标迈进。(完)
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Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business. The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster. On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year. The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public. In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run. Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public. The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution. The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community. The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses. According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan. As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment. However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact. Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad. The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies. If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
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